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United
States of America Bill of Right
Amendment
II - A
well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of
a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not
be
infringed.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Amendment
II – restated in today’s language using original 1828 definitions and
original
practices (a bit wordy, but far more descriptive): (the definitions
follow for each of the words above, first as relevant to the
amendment, then with complete descriptions)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Amendment
II - An
adequately ordered force of free people
(citizens) constantly ready for protecting, defending, and maintaining
their
geography in national, but especially in state, local, and home
emergencies.
This requires the people, that is, it is indispensable, necessary,
essential
for the people, to have the just liberty of carrying, wearing, holding,
and
training with weapons of offense, or armor for defense and protection
of the
body for attack or defense in war or hostility in open or concealed
manners.
Such arms are maintained by the people to keep off or hinder approach
or attack
of an enemy or an evil. These rights can be improved by the state, but
not
violated either positively by contravention or by non-fulfillment or
neglect of
performance or by process to destroy or hinder; as, to infringe
efficacy. Arms
are the entire system required, as guns, ammunition, sights, knives,
magazines,
etc. are included. The arms are the same as used by the regular
military for
protecting the state, community, and/or home. The government cannot
restrict or
tax or impede or hinder the distribution or storage or use or
procurement of
arms by the people!
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Word Definitions
WELL:
In a proper manner; justly; rightly, skillfully, thoroughly; fully,
adequately.
REGULATED:
Adjusted by rule, method or forms; put in good order; subjected to
rules or
restrictions.
MILI'TIA:
The body of soldiers in a state enrolled for discipline, but not
engaged in
actual service except in emergencies, but at other times left to pursue
their
usual occupations.
NECESSARY:
That must be; that cannot be otherwise; Indispensable; requisite;
essential;
that cannot be otherwise without preventing the purpose intended;
subjection to
law is necessary to the safety of persons and property. Unavoidable; as
a
necessary inference or consequence from facts or arguments. Acting from
necessity or compulsion; opposed to free.
Whether man is a necessary or a free agent is a question much
discussed.
SECU'RITY:
Protection; effectual defense or safety from danger of any kind; That
which
protects or guards from danger; Freedom from fear or apprehension;
confidence
of safety; whence, negligence in providing means of defense. Security
is
dangerous, for it exposes men to attack when unprepared.
FREE:
Being at liberty; not being under necessity or restraint, physical or
moral; In
government, not enslaved; not in a state of vassalage or dependence;
subject
only to fixed laws, made by consent, and to a regular administration of
such
laws; not subject to the arbitrary will of a sovereign or lord; as a
free
state, nation or people. Instituted by a free people, or by consent or
choice
of those who are to be subjects, and securing private rights and
privileges by
fixed laws and principles; not arbitrary or despotic; as a free
constitution or
government. There can be no free government without a democratical
branch in
the constitution.
STATE:
A political body, or body politic; the whole body of people united
under one
government, whatever may be the form of the government.
RIGHT:
Conformity to the will of God, or to his law, the perfect standard of
truth and
justice. Conformity to human laws, or to
other human standard of truth, propriety or justice.
When laws are definite, right and wrong are
easily ascertained and understood.
Justice; that which is due or proper; as, to do right to every
man. Property;
interest. Just claim; immunity; privilege.
All men have a right to the secure enjoyment of life, personal
safety,
liberty and property.
PEOPLE:
The body of persons who compose a community, town, city or nation. The
“people”
comprehends all classes of inhabitants, considered as a collective
body, or any
portion of the inhabitants of a city or country.
KEEP:
To hold; to retain in one's power or possession; not to lose or part
with; To
have in custody for security or preservation; To preserve from falling
or from
danger; to protect; to guard or sustain; To hold in any state; as, to
keep in
order. To practice; to use habitually; To maintain; not to intermit;
as, to
keep watch or guard. To conceal; not to tell or disclose. To restrain;
to curb.
To keep off, to hinder from approach or attack; as, to keep off an
enemy or an
evil.
BEAR:
To carry; to convey; to support and remove from place to place; to wear;
ARMS:
Weapons of offense, or armor for defense and protection of the body for
attack
or defense in war or hostility.
INFRINGE:
To break, as contracts; to violate, either positively by contravention,
or
negatively by non-fulfillment or neglect of performance. To break; to
violate;
to transgress; to neglect to fulfill or obey; To destroy or hinder; as,
to
infringe efficacy.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Full Word
Definitions
WELL,
adv.
1.
In a proper manner;
justly;
rightly; not ill or wickedly. James 2. If thou doest not well, sin
lieth at the
door. Genesis 4.
2.
Skillfully; with
due art; as,
the work is well done; he writes well; he rides well; the plot is well
laid,
and well executed.
3.
Sufficiently;
abundantly.
Lot--beheld all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered every
where.
Genesis 13.
4.
Very much; to a
degree that
gives pleasure. I liked the entertainment well.
5.
Favorably; with
praise. All
the world speaks well of you.
6.
Conveniently;
suitable;
advantageously. This is all the mind can well contain. I cannot well
how to
execute this task.
7.
To a sufficient
degree;
perfectly. I know not well how to execute this task.
8.
Thoroughly; fully.
Let the
cloth be well cleansed. Let the steel be well polished. She looketh
well to the
ways of her household. Proverbs 31.
9.
Fully; adequately.
We are well
able to overcome it. Numbers 13.
10.
Far; as, to be well
advanced
in life. As well as, together with; not less than; one as much as the
other; as
a sickness long as well as severe. London is the largest city in
Europe, as
well as the principal banking city. Well enough, in a moderate degree;
so as to
give satisfaction, or so as to require no alteration. Well is him,
seems to be
elliptical for well is to him. Well is prefixed to many words,
expressing what
is right, fit, laudable, or not defective; as well-affected;
well-designed;
well-directed; well-ordered; well-formed; well-meant; well-minded;
well-seasoned; well-tasted. Well is sometimes used elliptically for it
is well,
and as an expression of satisfaction with what has been said or done;
and
sometimes it is merely expletive. Well, the work is done, Well, let us
go.
Well, well, be it so.
REG'ULATE,
v.t.
1.
To adjust by rule,
method or
established mode; as, to regulate weights and measures; to regulate the
assize
of bread; to regulate our moral conduct by the laws of God and of
society; to
regulate our manners by the customary forms.
2.
To put in good
order; as, to regulate
the disordered state of a nation or its finances.
3.
To subject to rules
or
restrictions; as, to regulate trade; to regulate diet.
REG'ULATED,
pp. Adjusted by rule, method or forms;
put in good order; subjected to rules or restrictions.
NECESSARY,
a.
1.
That must be; that
cannot be
otherwise; indispensably requisite. It
is necessary that every effect should have a cause.
2.
Indispensable;
requisite;
essential; that cannot be otherwise without preventing the purpose
intended. Air is necessary to support
animal
life; food is necessary to nourish the body; holiness is a necessary
qualification for happiness; health is necessary to the enjoyment of
pleasure;
subjection to law is necessary to the safety of persons and property.
3.
Unavoidable; as a
necessary
inference or consequence from facts or arguments.
4.
Acting from
necessity or
compulsion; opposed to free. Whether man
is a necessary or a free agent is a question much discussed.
MILI'TIA,
n. [L. from miles, a soldier; Gr. war, to fight, combat, contention.
The
primary sense of fighting is to strive, struggle, drive, or to strike,
to beat,
Eng. moil, L. molior; Heb. to labor or toil.] The body of soldiers in a
state
enrolled for discipline, but not engaged in actual service except in
emergencies; as distinguished from regular troops, whose sole
occupation is war
or military service. The militia of a country are the able bodied men
organized
into companies, regiments and brigades,with officers of all grades, and
required by law to attend military exercises on certain days only, but
at other
times left to pursue their usual occupations.
SECU'RITY,
n . [L. securitas .]
1.
Protection;
effectual defense
or saftey from danger of any kind; as a chain of forts erected for the
security
of the frontiers.
2.
That which protects
or guards
from danger. A navy constitutes the security of Great Britain from
invasion.
3.
Freedom from fear
or
apprehension; confidence of safety; whence, negligence in providing
means of
defense. Security is dangerous, for it exposes men to attack when
unprepared.
Security in sin is the worst condition of the sinner.
4.
Safety; certainty.
We have no
security for peace with Algiers, but the dread of our navy.
5.
Anything given or
deposited to
secure the payment of a debt, or the performance of a contract; as a
bond with
surety, a mortgage, the indorsement of a responsible man, a pledge,
&c.
6.
Something given or
done to
secure peace or good behavior. Violent and dangerous men are obliged to
give
security for their good behavior, or for keeping the peace. This
security in being
bound with one or more sureties in a recognizance to the king or state.
BEAR,
v.t. pret.bore; pp. born,borne. [L. fero, pario, porto. The primary
sense is to
throw out, to bring forth, or in general, to thrust or drive along. ]
1.
To support; to
sustain; as, to
bear a weight or burden.
2.
To carry; to
convey; to
support and remove from place to place; as, "they bear him upon the
shoulder;", "the eagle beareth them on her wings."
3.
To wear; to bear as
a mark of
authority or distinction; as, to bear a sword, a badge, a name; to bear
arms in
a coat.
4.
To keep afloat; as,
the water
bears a ship.
5.
To support or
sustain without
sinking or yielding; to endure; as, a man can bear severe pain or
calamity; or
to sustain with proportionate strength, and without injury; as, a man
may bear
stronger food or drink.
6.
To entertain; to
carry in the
mind; as, to bear a great love for a friend; to bear inveterate hatred
to
gaming.
7.
To suffer; to
undergo; as, to
bear punishment.
8.
To suffer without
resentment,
or interference to prevent; to have patience; as, to bear neglect or
indignities.
9.
To admit or be
capable of;
that is, to suffer or sustain without violence,injury,or change; as, to
give
words the most favorable interpretation they will bear.
10.
To bring forth or
produce, as
the fruit of plants, or the young of animals; as, to bear apples; to
bear
children.
11.
To give birth to,
or be the
native place of. Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore.
12.
To possess and use
as power;
to exercise; as, to bear sway.
13.
To gain or win.
Some think to
bear it by speaking a great word. [Not now used. The phrase now used
is, to
bear away.]
14.
To carry on, or
maintain; to
have; as, to bear a part in conversation.
15.
To show or exhibit;
to relate;
as, to bear testimony or witness. This seems to imply utterance, like
the Latin
fero, to relate or utter.
16.
To sustain the
effect, or be
answerable for; as, to bear the blame.
17.
To sustain, as
expense; to
supply the means of paying; as, to bear the charges, that is, to pay
the
expenses.
18.
To be the object
of. Let me
but bear your love, and I'll bear your cares.
19.
To behave; to act
in any
character; as,"hath he borne himself penitent?"
20.
To remove, or to
endure the
effects of; and hence to give satisfaction for. He shall bear their
iniquities.
Is. 53. Heb.9. To bear the infirmities of the weak, to bear one
another's
burdens, is to be charitable towards their faults, to sympathize with
them, and
to aid them in distress.
21.
To bear off, is to
restrain;
to keep from approach; and in seamanship, to remove to a distance; to
keep
clear from rubbing against any thing; as, to bear off a blow; to bear
off a
boat; also, to carry away; as, to bear off stolen goods.
22.
To bear down, is to
impel or
urge; to overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy.
23.
To bear down upon,
to press to
overtake; to make all sail to come up with.
24.
To bear hard, is to
press or
urge. Cesar doth bear me hard.
25.
To bear on, is to
press
against; also to carry forward, to press, incite or animate. Confidence
hath
borne thee on.
26.
To bear through, is
to conduct
or manage; as,"to bear through the consulship." B.Jonson. Also, to
maintain or support to the end; as, religion will bear us through the
evils of
life.
27.
To bear out, is to
maintain
and support to the end; to defend to the last. Company only can bear a
man out
in an ill thing.
28.
To bear up, to
support; to
keep from falling. Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings.
To bear
up, to keep afloat.
29.
To bear a body. A
color is
said to bear a body in painting, when it is capable of being ground so
fine,
and mixed so entirely with the oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of
the
same color. To bear date, is to have the mark of time when written or
executed;
as, a letter or bond bears date, Jan.6,1811.
30.
To bear a price,is
to have a
certain price. In common mercantile language,it often signifies or
implies, to
bear a good or high price.
31.
To bear in hand, to
amuse with
false pretenses; to deceive. I believe this phrase is obsolete, or
never used
in America.
32.
To bear a hand, in
seamanship,
is to make haste, be quick.
BEAR,
v.i. To suffer,as with pain. But man is born to bear. This is unusual
in prose;
and though admissible,is rendered intransitive, merely by the omission
of pain,
or other word expressive of evil.
1.
To be patient; to
endure. I
cannot, cannot bear.
2.
To produce, as
fruit; to be fruitful,
in opposition to barrenness. This age to blossom, and the next to bear.
Here
fruit must be understood.
3.
To take effect; to
succeed;
as, to bring matters to bear.
4.
To act in any
character. Instruct
me how I may bear like a true friar.
5.
To be situated as
to the point
of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bore E,N.E.
from the
ship.
6.
To bear away, in
navigation,
is to change the course of a ship, when close hauled, or sailing with a
side
wind, and make her run before the wind. To bear up, is used in a like
sense,
from the act of bearing up the helm to the windward. Hence, perhaps, in
other
cases, the expression may be used to denote tending or moving from.
7.
To bear down, is to
drive or
tend to; to approach with a fair wind; as, the fleet bore down upon the
enemy.
8.
To bear in, is to
run or tend
towards; as, a ship bears in with the land; opposed to bear off, or
keeping at
a greater distance.
9.
To bear up, is to
tend or move
towards; as, to bear up to one another; also, to be supported; to have
fortitude;
to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions.
10.
To bear upon, or
against, is
to lean upon or against; to act on as weight or force, in any
direction, as a
column upon its base, or the sides of two inclining objects against
each other.
11.
To bear against, to
approach
for attack or seizure; as, "a lion bears against his prey."
12.
To bear upon, to
act upon; as,
the artillery bore upon the center; or to be pointed or situated so as
to
affect; as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort, or a ship.
13.
To bear with, to
endure what
is unpleasing; to be indulgent; to forbear to resent, oppose, or
punish. Reason
would I should bear with you. Acts 18. Shall not God avenge his elect,
though
he bear long with them? Luke 18.
PEOPLE,
n. [L. populus.]
1.
The body of persons who compose a community,
town, city or nation. We say, the people of a town; the people of
London or
Paris; the English people. In this sense, the word is not used in the
plural,
but it comprehends all classes of inhabitants, considered as a
collective body,
or any portion of the inhabitants of a city or country.
KEEP,
v.t. pret. and pp. kept. [L. habeo, and capio.]
1.
To hold; to retain
in one's
power or possession; not to lose or part with; as, to keep a house or a
farm;
to keep any thing in the memory, mind or heart.
2.
To have in custody
for
security or preservation. The crown of Stephanus, first king of
Hungary,was
always kept in the castle of Vicegrade.
3.
To preserve; to
retain. The
Lord God, merciful and gracious, keeping mercy for thousands--Ex.34.
4.
To preserve from
falling or
from danger; to protect; to guard or sustain. And behold, I am with
thee, and
will keep thee. Gen.28. Luke 4.
5.
To hold or restrain
from
departure; to detain. --That I may know what keeps me here with you.
6.
To tend; to have
the care of. And
the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden, to dress
it and to
keep it. Gen.2.
7.
To tend; to feed;
to pasture;
as, to keep a flock of sheep or a herd of cattle in a yard or in a
field. He
keeps his horses on oats or on hay.
8.
To preserve in any
tenor or
state. Keep a stiff rein. Keep the constitution sound.
9.
To regard; to
attend to. While
the stars and course of heaven I keep--
10.
To hold in any
state; as, to
keep in order.
11.
To continue any
state, course
or action; as, to keep silence; to keep the same road or the same pace;
to keep
reading or talking; to keep a given distance.
12.
To practice; to do
or perform;
to obey; to observe in practice; not to neglect or violate; as, to keep
the
laws, statutes or commandments of God.
13.
To fulfill; to
perform; as, to
keep one's word,promise or covenant.
14.
To practice; to use
habitually; as, to keep bad hours.
15.
To copy carefully.
Her
servant's eyes were fix'd upon her face, And as she moved or turned,her
motions
viewed, Her measures kept, and step by step pursued.
16.
To observe or
solemnize.
17.
To board; to
maintain; to
supply with necessaries of life. The men are kept at a moderate price
per week.
18.
To have in the
house; to
entertain; as, to keep lodgers.
19.
To maintain; not to
intermit;
as, to keep watch or guard.
20.
To hold in one's
own bosom; to
confine to one's own knowledge; not to disclose or communicate to
others; not
to betray; as, to keep a secret; to keep one's own counsel.
21.
To have in pay; as,
to keep a
servant.
22.
To keep back, to
reserve; to
withhold; not to disclose or communicate. I will keep nothing back from
you. Jer.42.
23.
To restrain;; to
prevent from
advancing. Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins. Ps.19.
24.
To reserve; to
withhold; not
to deliver. Acts.5. To keep company with, to frequent the society of;
to
associate with. Let youth keep company with the wise and good. To
accompany; to
go with; as, to keep company with one on a journey or voyage. To keep
down, to
prevent from rising; not to lift or suffer to be raised. To keep in, to
prevent
from escape; to hold in confinement.
25.
To conceal; not to
tell or
disclose.
26.
To restrain; to
curb. To keep
off, to hinder from approach or attack; as, to keep off an enemy or an
evil. To
keep under, to restrain; to hold in subjection; as, to keep under an
antagonist
or a conquered country; to keep under the appetites and passions. To
keep up,
to maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; as, to keep up the
price of
goods; to keep up one's credit.
27.
To maintain; to
continue; to
hinder from ceasing. In joy, that which keeps up the action is the
desire to
continue it.keep out, to hinder from entering or taking possession. To
keep
bed, to remain in bed without rising; to be confined to one's bed.
28.
To keep house, to
maintain a
family state. His income enables him to keep house.
To remain in the house; to be confined. His
feeble health obliges him to keep house. To keep from, to restrain; to
prevent
approach. To keep a school, to maintain or support it; as, the town or
its
inhabitants keep ten schools; more properly, to govern and instruct or
teach a
school, as a preceptor.
KEEP,
v.i. To remain in any state; as, to keep at a distance; to keep aloft;
to keep
near; to keep in the house; to keep before or behind; to keep in favor;
to keep
out of company, or out of reach.
1.
To last; to endure;
not to
perish or be impaired. Seek for winter's use apples that will keep. If
the malt
is not thoroughly dried,the ale it makes will not keep.
2.
To lodge; to dwell;
to reside
for a time. Knock at the study, where, they say, he keeps. To keep to,
to
adhere strictly; not to neglect or deviate from; as, to keep to old
customs; to
keep to a rule; to keep to one's word or promise. To keep on, to go
forward; to
proceed; to continue to advance. To keep up, to remain unsubdued; or
not to be
confined to one's bed. In popular language, this word signifies to
continue; to
repeat continually; not to cease.
KEEP,
n. Custody; guard. [Little used.]
1.
Colloquially, case;
condition;
as in good keep.
2.
Guardianship;
restraint.
[Little used.]
3.
A place of
confinement; in old
castles,the dungeon.
ARMS,
n. plu. [L. arma.]
1.
Weapons of offense,
or armor
for defense and protection of the body.
2.
War; hostility.
Arms and the
man I sing. To be in arms, to be in a state of hostility, or in a
military
life. To arms is a phrase which denotes a taking arms for war or
hostility;
particularly, a summoning to war. To take arms, is to arm for attack or
defense. Bred to arms denotes that a person has been educated to the
profession
of a soldier.
3.
The ensigns
armorial of a
family; consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners,
&c., as
marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.
4.
In law, arms are
any thing
which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another.
5.
In botany, one of
the seven
species of fulcra or props of plants, enumerated by Linne and others.
The
different species of arms or armor, are prickles, thorns, forks and
stings,
which seem intended to protect the plants from injury by animals.
6.
Sire arms, are such
as may be charged
with powder, as cannon, muskets, mortars, &c.
7.
A stand of arms
consists of a
musket, bayonet, cartridge-box and belt, with a sword. But for common
soldiers
a sword is not necessary.
8.
In falconry, arms
are the legs
of a hawk from the thigh to the foot.
INFRINGE,
v.t. infrinj'. [L. infringo; in and frango,to break. See Break.]
1.
To break, as
contracts; to
violate, either positively by contravention, or negatively by
non-fulfillment
or neglect of performance. A prince or a private person infringes an
agreement
or covenant by neglecting to perform its conditions, as well as by
doing what
is stipulated not to be done.
2.
To break; to
violate; to
transgress; to neglect to fulfill or obey; as, to infringe a law.
3.
To destroy or
hinder; as, to
infringe efficacy. [Little used.]
INFRING'ED,
pp. Broken; violated; transgresses.
INFRINGEMENT,
n. infrinj'ment. Act of violating; breach; violation; non-fulfillment;
as the
infringement of a treaty, compact or other agreement; the infringement
of a law
or constitution.
FREE,
n. [Heb.
See Frank.]
1.
Being at liberty;
not being
under necessity or restraint, physical or moral; a word of general
application
to the body, the will or mind, and to corporations.
2.
In government, not
enslaved;
not in a state of vassalage or dependence; subject only to fixed laws,
made by
consent, and to a regular administration of such laws; not subject to
the
arbitrary will of a sovereign or lord; as a free state, nation or
people.
3.
Instituted by a
free people,
or by consent or choice of those who are to be subjects, and securing
private
rights and privileges by fixed laws and principles; not arbitrary or
despotic;
as a free constitution or government. There can be no free government
without a
democratical branch in the constitution.
RIGHT,
n.
1.
Conformity to the
will of God,
or to his law, the perfect standard of truth and justice.
In the literal sense, right is a straight
line of conduct, and wrong a crooked one.
Right therefore is rectitude or straightness, and perfect
rectitude is
found only in an infinite Being and his will.
2.
Conformity to human
laws, or
to other human standard of truth, propriety or justice.
When laws are definite, right and wrong are
easily ascertained and understood. In
arts, there are some principles and rules which determine what is right. In many things indifferent, or left without
positive law, we are to judge what is right by fitness or propriety, by
custom,
civility or other circumstances.
3.
Justice; that which
is due or
proper; as, to do right to every man. Long love to her has borne the
faithful
knight, and well deserv'd had fortune done him right.
4.
Freedom from error;
conformity
with truth or fact. Seldom your opinions err, your eyes are always in
the
right.
5.
Just claim; legal
title;
ownership; the legal power of exclusive possession and enjoyment. In hereditary monarchies, a right to the
throne vests in the heir on the decease of the king.
A deed vests the right of possession in the
purchaser of land. Right and possession
are very different things. We often have
occasion to demand and sue for rights not in possession.
6.
Just claim by
courtesy,
customs, or the principles of civility and decorum.
Every man has a right to civil
treatment. The magistrate has a right to
respect.
7.
Just claim by
sovereignty;
prerogative. God, as the author of all
things, has a right to govern and dispose of them at his pleasure.
8.
That which justly
belongs to
one. Born free, he sought his right.
9.
Property; interest.
A subject
in his prince may claim a right.
10.
Just claim;
immunity;
privilege. All men have a right to the
secure enjoyment of life, personal safety, liberty and property. We deem the right of trial by jury
invaluable, particularly in the case of crimes.
Rights are natural, civil, political, religious, personal, and
public.
11.
Authority; legal
power. We have no right to disturb others
in the
enjoyment of their religious opinions.
12.
In the United
States, a tract
of land; or a share or proportion of property, as in a mine or
manufactory.
13.
The side opposite
to the left;
as on the right. Look to the right.
1.
To rights, in a direct line; straight. [Unusual.]
2.
Directly; soon.
To
set to rights, To put to rights, to put
into good order; to adjust; to regulate what is out of order.
Bill
of rights, a list of rights; a paper containing a declaration of
rights, or the
declaration itself.
Writ
of right, a writ which lies to recover lands in fee simple, unjustly
withheld
from the true owner.